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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
E
- E field
- of class
Math, 518
- Eco, Umberto, 111
- Eisenhower, Dwight D., 364
- element
elementAt method, of class Vector, 656elementCount field, of class Vector, 655elementData field, of class Vector, 655elements method
- of class
Dictionary, 634 - of class
Hashtable, 637 - of class
Vector, 659
NoSuchElementException class, 664- type, arrays, term definition, 194
- Ellis, Margaret A., 6
- Elliston, Shirley, 111
- empty method
- of class
Stack, 662
- EmptyStackException class, 663
- endsWith method
- of class
String, 540
- ensureCapacity method
- of class
StringBuffer, 551 - of class
Vector, 658
- entity
- declared, list of, 78
- enumerate method
- of class
Thread, 600 - of class
ThreadGroup, 609
Enumeration interface, 617
Enumeration interface
eolIsSignificant method
- of class
StreamTokenizer, 717
- Epictetus, 186
- equals method
- of class
BitSet, 619 - of class
Boolean, 470 - of class
Character, 473 - of class
Date, 626 - of class
Double, 511 - of class
File, 754 - of class
Float, 505 - of class
Integer, 489 - of class
Long, 496 - of class
Object, 459 - of class
String, 535
- equalsIgnoreCase method
- of class
String, 537
- errors
- See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; exceptions
AbstractMethodError class, 611ClassCircularityError class, 611ClassFormatError class, 611err field
- of class
FileNameDescriptor, 760 - of class
System, 580
Error class, 211, 611
- unchecked exceptions as subclass of, 163
ExceptionInInitializerError class, 611, 614IllegalAccessError class, 611IncompatibleClassChangeError class, 611InstantiationError class, 611InternalError class, 611- linking, 211, 220
LinkageError class, 611- preparation, 221
- resolution, 221
- verification, 220
- loading, 211, 219
NoClassDefFoundError class, 611NoSuchFieldError class, 611NoSuchMethodError class, 611OutOfMemoryError class, 611- semantic, exceptions as mechanism for signaling, 201
- standard, reasons for, 203
- hierarchical relationships list, 611
- types, run-time, 303
- unchecked, reasons for, 203
UnknownError class, 611
- errors
UnsatisfiedLinkError class, 611VerifyError class, 611- virtual machine, 212
- escapes
- sequences, for character and string literals, 26
- Unicode, specification, 12
- evaluation
- See also execution; initialization; scope
- evaluated, term definition, 301
- expressions
- additive operators, 355
- additive operators for numeric types, 358
- array access, 341
- array assignment, 370
- array creation, 315
- assignment operators, 369
- bitwise binary operators, 365
- bitwise complement, 349
- boolean equality operators, 364
- boolean logical operators, 365
- cast, 350
- compound assignment operators, 375
- conditional operator, 367
- conditional-and operator, 366
- conditional-or operator, 366
- division, 352
- equality operators, 362
- field access, 319
- instance creation, 314
- integer bitwise operators, 365
- logical binary operators, 365
- logical complement, 349
- method invocation, 323
- method invocation, order of, 333
- multiplication, 351
- multiplicative operators, 351
- numeric comparison, 361
- numeric equality operators, 363
- parenthesized, 313
- postfix, 344
- pre-decrement, 348
- pre-increment, 347
- primary, 311
- reference equality operators, 364
- relational operators, 360
- remainder, 353
- shift operators, 359
- simple assignment operators, 369
- string concatenation, 355
- superclass access, 322
- type comparison, 361
- evaluation
- expressions
- unary minus, 349
- unary operators, 346
- unary plus, 348
- literals, 312
- order
- arguments left-to-right, 304
- binary operators, 305
- compound assignment, 305
- left-hand operand first, 305
- left-to-right, 309
- operands before operators, 307
- operands evaluated before operations, 307
- parameters, 303
- parentheses and precedence respected, 308
- result of, term definition, 301
- events
- See also methods
- execution order of, constraints on relationships among, 403
- evolution
- See also binary, compatibility; reuse
- of classes, binary compatibility considerations, 242
- of interfaces, binary compatibility considerations, 259
- of packages, binary compatibility considerations, 242
- examples
- access control, 100
- classes, 101
- fields, methods, and constructors
- default, 102
private, 105protected, 104public, 103
- arrays, 196
- classes,
public and non-public, 101 - declarations
- fields, 151
- import, 123
- method, 168
- default-access methods, constructors and fields, 102
- exceptions, 206
- fields
- interface, ambiguous inherited, 188
- interface, multiply inherited, 188
- multiply inherited, 153
- reinheritance of, 154
- examples
- hiding, 168
- of variables
- class, 151
- instance, 152
- vs. overriding, 170
- HTML generation from documentation comments, 423
- inheritance
- accessing members of inaccessible classes, 142
- class members, 139
- default access, 140
public, protected, and private access, 141
- multiple, with superinterfaces, 137
- with default access, 140
- with
private, 141 - with
protected, 141 - with
public, 141
- methods
abstract declarations, 190- invocation of hidden class, 171
private, 105protected, 104public, 103
- overloading, 168
- overriding, 168
- incorrect, 169
- because of
throws, 174
- large example, 172
- vs. hiding, 170
- exceptions
- See also binary, compatibility; compile-time errors; errors;
Throwable class ArithmeticException class, 611ArrayStoreException class, 611- asynchronous, causes and handling of, 205
- caller, determination of, 204
- causes of, 202
- (chapter), 201
- checked
- compile-time checking for handlers of, 203
- constructors, declaring with
throws clause in method declarations, 163 - defining new exception classes as, 208
- methods, declaring with
throws clause in method declarations, 163 - standard, 210
ClassCastException class, 611- classes
Error, 203, 211
- exceptions
- classes
Exception, 208- hierarchical relationships list, 611
RuntimeException, 203, 208RuntimeException, unchecked exceptions found in, 164Throwable, 201, 202
ClassNotFoundException class, 611CloneNotSupportedException class, 611EmptyStackException class, 663- example, 206
Exception class, 611@exception tag, specification, 422ExceptionInInitializerError class, 611, 614- handlers
- compile-time checking, 203
- how established, 201
- in
try statements, 291
- handling of, 204
- asynchronous, 205
- run-time testing, 303
- hierarchy, 208
IllegalAccessException class, 611IllegalArgumentException class, 611IllegalThreadStateException class, 611IndexOutOfBoundsException class, 611InstantiationException class, 611- integer divide by zero, 32
InterruptedException class, 611NegativeArraySizeException class, 611- never thrown for
- assignment conversions, 61
- information loss due to narrowing primitive conversions, 57
- information loss due to widening primitive conversions, 55
- widening reference conversions, 59
NoSuchElementException class, 664NoSuchMethodException class, 611NullPointerException class, 611NumberFormatException class, 611- parameters
- See also variables
- declaration, 290
- description, 45
- initial value, 46
- scope, 291, 82
- precise, 205
- exceptions
- standard, 208
NegativeArraySizeException, 304, 316RuntimeException, 371
- standard (checked)
ClassNotFoundException, meaning, 210CloneNotSupportedException, meaning, 210, 460EOFException
- declaration, 762
- meaning, 210
Exception, 208FileNotFoundException, 684, 722
- declaration, 763
- meaning, 210
IllegalAccessException, meaning, 210InstantiationException, 131
- meaning, 210
InterruptedException, 562, 598, 600, 601
- meaning, 210
InterruptedIOException
- declaration, 764
- meaning, 210
IOException, 564, 565, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 675, 676, 677, 678, 680, 681, 682, 683, 685, 686, 687, 688, 694, 695, 696, 697, 698, 700, 701, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 708, 709, 710, 711, 717, 720, 721, 723, 724, 725, 726, 729, 730, 731, 733, 735, 736, 737, 744, 745, 746, 747, 748, 749, 750, 751
- declaration, 761
- meaning, 210
MalformedURLException, meaning, 211ProtocolException, meaning, 211SocketException, meaning, 211UnknownHostException, meaning, 211UnknownServiceException, meaning, 211UnsatisfiedLinkException, 222UTFDataFormatException
- declaration, 765
- meaning, 210
- standard (errors)
AbstractMethodError, 254, 255
- meaning, 212, 221
ClassCircularityError, 134, 243
- meaning, 212, 219
- exceptions
- standard (errors)
ClassFormatError, 559
- meaning, 212, 219
Error, 211ExceptionInInitializerError, 227, 288
- meaning, 212
IllegalAccessError, 243, 259, 336
- meaning, 212, 221
IncompatibleClassChangeError, 251, 253, 256, 334, 336
- meaning, 212, 221
InstantiationError, meaning, 212, 222InternalError, meaning, 212LinkageError, 219, 220- loading and linkage, 211
NoClassDefFoundError, 226
- meaning, 212, 219
NoSuchFieldError, 250
- meaning, 212, 222
NoSuchMethodError, 247, 253, 260, 334
- meaning, 212, 222
OutOfMemoryError, 163, 213, 219, 227, 228, 304, 314, 315, 316, 319, 336
- meaning, 212
StackOverflowError, meaning, 212ThreadDeath, 595, 611UnknownError, meaning, 212UnsatisfiedLinkError, 583, 584, 611
- meaning, 222
VerifyError, 255, 260
- meaning, 212, 220
VirtualMachineError, 212, 611
- standard (unchecked runtime)
ArithmeticException, 304, 307, 354
- meaning, 209
ArrayStoreException, 199, 304, 371, 374, 584
- meaning, 209
ClassCastException, 304, 351, 371, 69
- casting conversion requirements that can result in, 69
ClassCastException, meaning, 209EmptyStackException, 662
- declaration, 663
- meaning, 209
IllegalArgumentException, 597, 607, 625, 631, 744, 745
- meaning, 209
- exceptions
- standard (unchecked runtime)
IllegalMonitorStateException, 461, 462, 463
- meaning, 209
IllegalThreadStateException, 562, 592, 593, 594, 597, 606
- meaning, 209
IndexOutOfBoundsException, 195, 304, 342, 371, 376, 533, 534, 536, 543, 546, 551, 552, 553, 555, 556, 557, 559, 564, 565, 584, 655, 656, 657, 659, 660, 668, 675, 681, 685, 688, 690, 693, 695, 697, 701, 708, 711, 720, 723, 726, 731, 733, 735, 736, 737, 739, 746, 747, 749
- meaning, 209
NegativeArraySizeException, 550
- meaning, 209
NoSuchElementException, 617, 657
- declaration, 664
- meaning, 209
NullPointerException, 197, 204, 304, 335, 342, 343, 344, 371, 376, 507, 514, 533, 534, 536, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 546, 552, 553, 555, 559, 560, 565, 584, 595, 604, 633, 634, 668, 675, 677, 678, 680, 681, 685, 688, 690, 693, 695, 697, 701, 703, 708, 711, 720, 723, 726, 730, 731, 733, 735, 736, 737, 739, 740, 742, 746, 747, 749, 753, 754
- meaning, 209
NumberFormatException, 489, 492, 493, 499, 500, 504, 511
- meaning, 209
RuntimeException, 208, 371SecurityException, 558, 563, 564, 565, 571, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 592, 593, 595, 596, 597, 603, 604, 606, 607, 684, 685, 722, 723, 744, 745, 755, 756, 757, 758
- meaning, 209
- standard, 209
- synchronization integrated with mechanism for handling, 202
Throwable class, 611- thrown for, narrowing reference conversions, 59
uncaughtException method, when invoked, 202
- execution
- See also declarations; evaluation; initialization; linking; loading
- (chapter), 215
exec method, of class Runtime, 564- order, thread rules, 403
- of statements for their effect, 263
- exists method
- of class
File, 755
- exit
exit method
- of class
Runtime, 563 - of class
System, 582
exitValue method, of class Process, 562- virtual machine, criteria for, 235
- expressions
- See also fields; methods; statements
- abrupt completion of, as reason for abrupt statement completion, 265
- additive operators
- evaluation, 355
- for numeric types, evaluation, 358
- array
- access, evaluation, 341
- assignment, evaluation, 370, 375
- creation, evaluation of, 315
- assignment
- conversion, 61
- definite assignment, 391
- operators, evaluation, 369
- as statements, 272
- bitwise
- binary operators, evaluation, 365
- complement, evaluation, 349
- boolean
- assignment, definite assignment, 390
- constant, definite assignment, 386
- operators
!, definite assignment, 387!=, definite assignment, 389&, definite assignment, 387&&, definite assignment, 386==, definite assignment, 389? :, definite assignment, 389^, definite assignment, 388|, definite assignment, 388||, definite assignment, 387- equality, evaluation, 364
- logical, evaluation, 365
- boolean-valued, definite assignment, 386
- cast, evaluation, 350
- (chapter), 301
- expressions
- compound, assignment operators, evaluation, 375
- conditional
- and operator
&&, evaluation, 366 - operator
? :
- definite assignment, 390
- evaluation, 367
- or operator
||, evaluation, 367
- definite assignment and, 386
- division, evaluation, 352
- equality operators, evaluation, 363
- field access, evaluation of, 319
- instance creation
- evaluation of, 314
- as statements, 272
- integer bitwise operators, evaluation, 366
- LALR(1) grammar productions, 450
- logical
- comparison operators, evaluation, 365
- complement
!, evaluation, 350
- method invocation
- evaluation, 323
- evaluation order, 333
- as statements, 272
- multiplication
*, evaluation, 351 - multiplicative operators
*, /, &, evaluation, 351 - names
- context in which a name is classified as, 91
- qualified, meaning of, 96
- simple, meaning of, 95
- numeric
- comparison, evaluation, 361
- equality operators, evaluation, 363
- operators
++, definite assignment, 392--, definite assignment, 392- precedence, evaluation, 308
- parenthesized
- evaluation of, 313
- evaluation of, precedence effect of, 308
- post-decrement
--
- evaluation of, 345
- as statements, 272
- post-increment
++
- evaluation of, 345
- as statements, 272
- postfix, evaluation, 344
- pre-decrement
--
- evaluation of, 348
- as statements, 272
- expressions
- pre-increment
++
- evaluation of, 348
- as statements, 272
- primary, evaluation of, 311
- See also arrays, access expressions; arrays, creation; fields, access expressions; instance, creation; literals; expressions, parenthesized; methods, invocations;
this keyword
- reference equality operators
==, !=, evaluation, 364 - relational operators
<, >, <=, >=, evaluation, 361 - remainder
%, evaluation, 353 - run-time checks of, 302
- semantics and evaluation rules, (chapter), 301
- shift operators
<<, >>, >>>, evaluation, 359 - simple assignment operator
=, evaluation, 370 - statements
- definite assignment, 394
- specification, 272
- string concatenation
+, evaluation, 355 - superclass access, evaluation, 322
- type
- comparison
instanceof, evaluation, 362 - how determined, 47
- usage in, 43
- vs. class of object, 47
- unary
- minus
-, evaluation, 349 - operators, evaluation, 346
- plus
+, evaluation, 349
- values, variables as, 302
- extends clause
- See also classes; implements; object-oriented concepts
- in class declaration, specifying direct superclasses with, 133
- in interface declaration, 185
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Java Language Specification (HTML generated by Suzette Pelouch on February 24, 1998)
Copyright © 1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
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Please send any comments or corrections to doug.kramer@sun.com